The Petroleum industry has come a long way from about 4 million barrels produced in 1930 to about 73 million in 2012. Products made from petroleum are found everywhere and range from basketballs to solvents to toothbrushes.
Unfortunately, the industry is also associated with water pollution and oil spills, such as the Deepwater Horizon accident in 2010 in the Gulf of Mexico. The first priority was to seal off the well. Then came the massive clean-up effort, which included some use of oil spill containment boom that acted as a temporary floating barrier.
Containment booms help contain the oil in a restricted area to make the recovery easier. To maximize effectiveness, it is crucial to use the proper type of boom and specifications for a particular application. This article helps responders with the selection process.
Definitions
- Petroleum: “(L. petroleum, from early 15c. “petroleum, rock oil” (mid-14c. in Anglo-French), from Medieval Latin petroleum, from Latin: petra: “rock” + oleum: “oil”.[1][2][3]) is a naturally occurring, yellow-to-black liquid found in geological formations beneath the Earth’s surface, which is commonly refined into various types of fuels.” – Wikipedia
- Oil Spill: “Release of a liquid petroleum hydrocarbon into the environment, especially marine areas, due to human activity, and is a form of pollution.” – Wikipedia
- Ecosystem: “Community of living organisms in conjunction with the nonliving components of their environment (things like air, water and mineral soil), interacting as a system.” – Wikipedia
- Biodegradation: “Chemical dissolution of materials by bacteria, fungi, or other biological means.” – Wikipedia
Oil Spill Prevention
The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has a program called the Oil Spill Prevention Containment and Countermeasures (SPCC) program, which governs spill prevention, control and countermeasures. This set of rules applies to any facility that is involved in the following activities for oil or oil products:
- Storing
- Handling
- Processing
- Gathering
- Transferring
- Refining
- Distributing
- Use
- Consumption
In terms of prevention, the SPCC program requires that Secondary Containment be present at oil storage facilities for the obvious reasons to prevent oil leakage from contaminating the ecosystem and damaging the soil or water table.
Because oil wells, transportation and oil terminals are often on or near the water, special precautions must be taken to ensure any leakage can be contained in the marine environment. One of these measures is for oil spill responders to have oil containment booms available and on hand.
The prevention and clean-up efforts use the Environmental Sensitivity Index (ESI) to plan in advance the oil spill response in terms of priorities. Three factors go into the ESI mapping: the shoreline type (how sensitive would be shoreline be to an oil spill), the biological resources (ecosystem) and human-use resources (archaeological resources, importance of shoreline access points or protected areas).
Oil Spill Containment Methods
If and when a spill does occur, there are four main methods for oil:
In situ burning
When the oil is still relatively fresh and the waters are somewhat calm, responders attempt to burn the oil slick before it reaches the shoreline. Some of the oil gets confined in a fire-proof boom and then is ignited. This method is controversial but was used in the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill.
A mixture of chemicals are dispersed by airplanes and/or boats to help break oil into smaller droplets so that less oil stays at the surface, which can reduce the risk of polluting the coast.
Skimmers
Special booms are towed by boats very slowly to collect the oil, which is then picked up by a skimmer.
Booms
Enviro-USA manufactures three types of oil booms: standard, fast deployment, inflatable and fuel transfer booms.
Types of Oil Spill Containment Booms
Spill responders must choose the right oil containment booms to ensure the structure works well for a particular application.
STANDARD Oil Containment Booms:
Enviro-USA’s standard oil booms are reliable and comply with OPA-90, US Coast Guard – OSRO and ASTM F1523 standards. They work great in ponds, rivers, ports, coastlines, offshore and pretty much any body of water. The size in inches refers to the distance between the top of the freeboard to the bottom of the draft. For example, a 10-inch oil boom would most likely be suitable for calm water applications such as a pond and a 36-inch oil boom would be required for offshore applications so that the longer skirt of the boom prevents the oil from passing underneath. They also have more freeboard to help prevent oil from going over the top in rougher seas.
FAST DEPLOYMENT Oil Containment Booms:
This line of oil boom is designed to minimize the amount of space required for storage. They can be deployed quickly and with limited manpower with the use of a manual or hydraulic reel. Like the standard booms, Enviro-USA’s fast deployment models also comply with OPA-90, US Coast Guard – OSRO and ASTM F1523 guidelines. They are great for emergency response in marinas and ports.
INFLATABLE Oil Containment Booms:
Enviro-USA’s inflatable oil booms are perfect when there is limited storage space or quick deployment is required due to environmental sensitive areas nearby. These are more expensive than standard oil booms.
FUEL TRANSFER booms:
This type of boom is used when loading or off-loading fuel to and from ships and typically used by contractors responsible for fueling operations on cruise ships and other vessels. Enviro-USA’s fuel transfer booms are inexpensive, light weight and practical.
Oil Containment Components
A system usually consists of the following parts:
- Skirt/Fabric (A on drawing below): Weights and types vary and are specific to the application.
- Floatation (B): Sizes vary depending on the application.
- Ballast Chain (C): Sizes vary, functions as ballast, bottom tension member and to maintain a vertical position.
- Main Tension Member (D): Reduces stress to the fabric.
- ASTM Connectors (E): Oil containment booms are built in sections. Connectors allow the sections to be joined together to accommodate the total length of the area to be contained.
- Seams (F): All seams are dielectric or thermally bonded together.
Typical Oil Boom Installation:
There are several containment boom configurations, as follows (navigate the slider using the arrows):
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